Researchers from TU Delft have now developed a new model that describes driving behavior on the basis of one underlying human principle: managing the risk below a threshold level. This model can accurately predict human behavior during a wide range of driving tasks. In time, the model could be used in intelligent cars to make them feel less robotic. The research conducted by doctoral candidate Sarvesh Kolekar and his supervisors Joost de Winter and David Abbink will be published in Nature Communications on Tuesday 29 September 2020.
Risk threshold
Driving behavior is usually described using models that predict an optimum path. But this is not how people actually drive. "You don't always adapt your driving behavior to stick to one optimum path," says researcher Sarvesh Kolekar from the Department of Cognitive Robotics. "People don't drive continuously in the middle of their lane, for example: as long as they are within the acceptable lane limits, they are fine with it."
Models that predict an optimum path are not only popular in research, but also in vehicle applications. "The current generation of intelligent cars drive very neatly. They continuously search for the safest path: i.e., one path at the appropriate speed. This leads to a 'robotic' style of driving," says Kolekar. "To get a better understanding of human driving behavior, we tried to develop a new model that used the human risk threshold as the underlying principle."
Driver's Risk Field
To get to grips with this concept, Kolekar introduced the so-called Driver's Risk Field (DRF). This is an ever-changing two-dimensional field around the car that indicates how high the driver considers the risk to be at each point. Kolekar devised these risk assessments in previous research. The gravity of the consequences of the risk in question are then taken into account in the DRF. For example, having a cliff on one side of the road boundary is much more dangerous than having grass.
"The DRF was inspired by a concept from psychology, put forward a long time ago (in 1938) by Gibson and Crooks. These authors claimed that car drivers 'feel' the risk field around them, as it were, and base their traffic maneuvers on these perceptions." Kolekar managed to turn this theory into a computer algorithm.
Predictions
Kolekar then tested the model in seven scenarios, including overtaking and avoiding an obstacle. "We compared the predictions made by the model with experimental data on human driving behavior taken from the literature. Luckily, a lot of information is already available. It turned out that our model only needs a small amount of data to 'get' the underlying human driving behavior and could even predict reasonable human behavior in previously unseen scenarios. Thus, driving behavior rolls out more or less automatically; it is 'emergent.'"
This elegant description of human driving behavior has huge predictive and generalizing value. Apart from the academic value, the model can also be used in intelligent cars. "If intelligent cars were to take real human driving habits into account, they would have a better chance of being accepted. The car would behave less like a robot."
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